Safety and efficacy of montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557) for all animal species
Abstract
Following a request from European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in animal Feed (FEEDAP ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the modification of the terms of authorisation of montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557) for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel adopted in 2014 an opinion on the safety and in 2015 on the efficacy of this additive. The additive montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557) is currently authorised for use in feedingstuffs for all animal species as an anticaking agent with a minimum and a maximum content of 20,000 mg/kg. The applicant proposed to use the additive in premixtures and complementary feeds for all animal species and categories at a minimum concentration of 20,000 mg/kg premixture and 10,000 mg/kg complementary feeds. The FEEDAP Panel considers that the proposed modification (reduction of the inclusion level in feed) would not affect the conclusions reached in the previous assessment as related to the safety for the target species, consumers, users and the environment. Montmorillonite‐illite is efficacious as an anticaking agent in premixtures for all animal species at inclusions levels starting at 20,000 mg/kg premixture and in complementary feeds at inclusions levels starting at 10,000 mg/kg. When the premixtures or complementary feeds are incorporated into complete feed, the concentration of montmorillonite‐illite would range from 50 to 100 mg/kg complete feed for poultry and all other animal species, respectively. There is no evidence that the anticaking effect of the additive will persist at these concentrations in complete feed. In the absence of specific data, the FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to comment on the efficacy of the additive at these concentrations when used in complete feed.
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor
Regulation (EC) No 1831/200311
Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition. OJ L 268, 18.10.2003, p. 29.
establishes the rules governing the Community authorisation of additives for use in animal nutrition. In particular, Article 13(3) of that Regulation lays down that if the holder of an authorisation proposes changing the terms of the authorisation by submitting an application to the Commission, accompanied by the relevant data supporting the request for the change, the Authority shall transmit its opinion on the proposal to the Commission and the Member States.
The European Commission received a request from FIM Biotech GmbH,22
FIM Biotech GmbH, Bauhofstrasse 6, D‐10117 Berlin.
for modification of the terms of authorisation of the product montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557), when used as a feed additive for all animal species (category: technological additive; functional group: anticaking agent, binders). According to Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003, the Commission forwarded the application to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as an application under Article 13(3)(modification of the authorisation of a feed additive). The particulars and documents in support of the application were considered valid by EFSA as 3 December 2019.
According to Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003, EFSA, after verifying the particulars and documents submitted by the applicant, shall undertake an assessment in order to determine whether the feed additive complies with the conditions laid down in Article 5. EFSA shall deliver an opinion on the safety for the target animals, consumer, user and the environment, and on the efficacy of the product montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557), when used under the proposed conditions of use (see Section 3).
1.2 Additional information
The additive is montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557). The FEEDAP Panel adopted an opinion on the safety and efficacy (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2014) and one on the efficacy (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2015) of this additive for all species in feedingstuffs. Montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557) is currently authorised as a technological additive.33
Commission Implementing Regulation (EC) No 2016/1964 of 9 November 2016 concerning the authorisations of a preparation of dolomite‐magnesite for dairy cows and other ruminants for dairy production, weaned piglets and pigs for fattening and a preparation of montmorillonite‐illite for all animal species as feed additives. OJ L303, 10.11.2016 p. 7.
The current application is for the modification of the current authorisation to use the additive as anticaking agent in premixtures and in complementary feedingstuffs.
2 Data and methodologies
2.1 Data
The present assessment is based on data submitted by the applicant in the form of a technical dossier44
FEED dossier reference: FAD‐2019‐0036.
in support of the request of modification of the authorisation for montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557) as a feed additive. The FEEDAP Panel used the data provided by the applicant together with data from other sources, such as previous risk assessments by EFSA to deliver the present output.
The European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) considered that the conclusions and recommendations reached in the previous assessment regarding the methods used for the control of montmorillonite‐illite in animal feed are valid and applicable for the current application.55
The full report is available on the EURL website: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/eurl/feed-additives/evaluation-reports/fad-2010-0244?search&form-return
2.2 Methodologies
The approach followed by the FEEDAP Panel to assess the efficacy of montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557) is in line with the principles laid down in Regulation (EC) No 429/2008 and the relevant guidance documents: Guidance on the assessment of the efficacy of feed additives (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2018).
3 Assessment
The additive montmorillonite‐illite is authorised as a technological additive, functional groups ‘anticaking agent’ and ‘binder’, to be used in feedingstuffs for all animal species up to the maximum content of 20,000 mg/kg complete feed.
The additive under application is also called ‘Friedland clay’. Friedland clay is typically composed of a number of major constituents: montmorillonite (≥ 35%), illite (≥ 30%), quartz (≤ 20%) and kaolinite (≤ 15%); other minor constituents are calcite, cristobalite, goethite, gypsum, hematite, lepidocrocite, magnetite, plagioclase, pyrite, rutile, siderite and tridymite. The additive was fully characterised in the previous opinion on the use of montmorillonite‐illite as technological additive for all animal species (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2014). No modifications in the manufacturing process or composition of the additive have occurred since the previous assessment. Thus, the data pertaining to composition, impurities, physical properties and shelf‐life still apply. In the same opinion, and a following one, the FEEDAP Panel also assessed the safety and efficacy of montmorillonite‐illite (FIMIX 1g557) in previous opinions (EFSA FEEDAP Panel 2014, 2015). Regarding efficacy, the Panel concluded that the additive is efficacious as pellet binder and anticaking agent.
The additive is currently authorised for use in feedingstuffs for all animal species as an anticaking with a minimum and a maximum content of 20,000 mg/kg. The applicant is now proposing to use the additive in premixtures and complementary feedingstuffs for all animal species and categories at a minimum concentration of 20,000 mg/kg premixture and 10,000 mg/kg complementary feeds. This will result in a significant reduction of the minimum content in feed.
The applicant proposes therefore to reduce the minimum content in complete feed from 20,000 to 50 mg/kg for poultry species and to 100 mg/kg complete feed for all other animal species. This proposal comes from the theoretical inclusion levels of premixtures and complementary feeds with the additive at the maximum proposed use level (5% and 1%, respectively) to complete feeds.
3.1 Safety
In a previous opinion, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is safe for the target species, the consumers, and the environment at the maximum content of 20,000 mg montmorillonite‐illite/kg feedisgstuffs (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2014). Regarding the safety for the user, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that ‘dust generated from Friedland clay during normal handling has the potential to expose the whole of the respiratory tract of users to harmful substances (crystalline silica) for which no safe levels of exposure have been identified. Measures must be taken to limit exposure of users to dust. In the absence of data on the effects on skin and eyes, it is prudent to consider Friedland clay as irritant to skin and eyes and as a potential dermal sensitiser’.
The FEEDAP Panel considers that the proposed modification (use of the additive in premixture at a minimum concentration of 20,000 mg/kg, with a consequent reduction of the inclusion level in feed compared to the currently authorised) would not affect the conclusions reached in the previous assessment as related to the safety for the target species, consumers, users and the environment.
3.2 Efficacy
The applicant is proposing to use the additive in premixtures for all animal species and categories at a minimum concentration of 20,000 mg/kg premixture and in complementary feeds at a minimum concentration 10,000 mg/kg. To support the efficacy of the additive in premixtures and complementary feedingstuffs at the proposed use levels, two in vitro studies testing the product on five different premixtures and three complementary feedingstuffs were submitted.
The efficacy of montmorillonite‐illite as an anticaking agent in premixtures and complementary feedingstuffs was assessed using a GranuDrum powder rheometer, measuring as end points the flow (dynamic) angle and the cohesive index. The apparatus consists in a short drum rotating around its central axis, which is horizontally positioned and whose rotational speed can be adjusted. The rotating drum is recorded with a camera, 30–50 images of the pile separated by 0.5 s are recorded. Afterwards, a dedicated image processing algorithm tracks the position of the air/powder interface. The average interface position and the fluctuations (standard deviation) around this average position are computed. The fluctuations are related to the cohesion inside the powder. From the average interface position, the dynamic angle is measured in the centre of the flow (a higher dynamic angle means more cohesiveness and therefore less flowability).
3.2.1 Efficacy in premixtures
Five premixtures were tested (i.e. a vitamins–minerals premixture for chickens, for dairy cows and for fish; a vitamins–minerals preparation with an enzyme (phytase) and a preparation of copper (II)‐sulfate pentahydrate.66
Technical dossier/Section IV/Annex_IV.1_GranuDrum‐Tests_FIMIX_ FIM Biotech_190221.pdf.
Each premixture was tested in triplicate with or without the addition of the additive. The inclusion levels were 20,000 mg additive/kg in the premixture for chickens and in the copper (II)‐sulfate pentahydrate preparation and 50,000 mg in the premixture for dairy cows, fish and in the vitamins–minerals preparation with an enzyme (phytase).
The five premixtures were tested at two different rotational speeds, at either 6 or 12 revolutions per minute (rpm). The results were statistically analysed with a t‐test. The results of the analysis of the cohesive index are reported in Table 1, those of the dynamic angle in Table 2.
| Product | Montmorillonite‐illite inclusion level in the treated premixture (mg/kg) | Rotation speed (rpm) | Cohesive Index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control premixture | Treated premixture | |||
| Premixture for chickens | 20,000 | 6 | 19.5aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
11.4ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 24.0 | 12.12 | ||
| Preparation with copper (II)‐sulfate | 20,000 | 6 | 33.6aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
13.0ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 42.1aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
15.1ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Premixture for fish | 50,000 | 6 | 38.2aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
32.6ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 40.2aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
36.5ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Premixture for cows | 50,000 | 6 | 41.3aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
39.3ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 39.2aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
37.6ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Premixture of vitamins–minerals and an enzyme (phytase) | 50,000 | 6 | 34.0aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
30.6ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 40.0aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
34.3ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
- a,b Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
| Product | Montmorillonite‐illite inclusion level in the treated premixture (mg/kg) | Rotation speed (rpm) | Dynamic angle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control premixture | Treated premixture | |||
| Premixture for chickens | 20,000 | 6 | 48.5aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
42.0ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 51.7aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
47.9ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Preparation with copper (II)‐sulfate | 20,000 | 6 | 53.6aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
41.7ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 58.6aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
48. 3ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Premixture for fish | 50,000 | 6 | 59.2aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
55.2ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 61.6aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
59.1ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Premixture for cows | 50,000 | 6 | 60.6aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
56.8ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 58.0aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
55.5ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Premixture of vitamins–minerals and an enzyme (phytase) | 50,000 | 6 | 55.8aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
50.2ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 12 | 61.6aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
55.6ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
- a,b Values within one study and within one row with different superscript are statistically different (p < 0.05).
The results showed that the inclusion of montmorillonite‐illite in all the premixtures tested improved the cohesive index and the dynamic angle at both the rotation speeds tested (with exception of the premixture for chickens for fattening at 12 rpm). This was observed in two studies at 20,000 mg/kg premixture and three studies at 50,000 mg/kg premixture.
The applicant proposed different scenarios of inclusion levels of the premixtures in the respective feedingstuffs to support the request of reduction of the minimum content in complete feed from 20,000 mg additive/kg to 100 mg additive/kg (Table 3).
| Premixtures | Montmorillonite‐illite concentration in premixtures (mg/kg) | Premixture inclusion level in complete feed (mg/kg) | Montmorillonite‐illite concentration in complete feed (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Premixture for chickens | 20,000 | 10,000 | 200 |
| Preparation with copper (II)‐sulfate | 20,000 | 5,000 | 100 |
| Premixture for fish | 50,000 | 5,000 | 250 |
| Premixture for cows | 50,000 | 2,000 | 100 |
| Premixture of vitamins–minerals and an enzyme (phytase) | 50,000 | 5,000 | 250 |
3.2.2 Efficacy in complementary feedingstuffs
Three complementary feeds were tested, one for piglets, one for laying hens and one for dairy cows.77
Technical dossier/Spontaneous_Apr20.
Each complementary feed was tested in triplicate without or with the addition of the additive at the inclusion level of 10,000 mg additive/kg complementary feeds.
The three complementary feeds were tested at three different rotation speeds, 3, 6 or 12 revolutions per minute (rpm). The results were statistically analysed with a t‐test. The results of the analysis of the cohesive index are reported in Table 4, those of the dynamic angle in Table 5.
| Complementary feed | Montmorillonite‐illite inclusion level in the treated complementary feedingstuffs (mg/kg) | Rotation speed (rpm) | Cohesive Index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control complementary feedingstuffs | Treated complementary feedingstuffs | |||
| Piglets | 10,000 | 3 | 63.2aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
38.8ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 6 | 58.4aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
42.4ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| 12 | 57.8aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
51.5ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Laying hens | 10,000 | 3 | 53.1aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
42.7ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 6 | 56.9aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
45.6ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| 12 | 60.4aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
56.0ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Dairy cows | 10,000 | 3 | 26.0aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
21.0ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 6 | 34.49aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
25.34ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| 12 | 43.59aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
27.01ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
- a,b Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
| Product | Montmorillonite‐illite inclusion level in the treated premixture (mg/kg) | Rotation speed (rpm) | Dynamic angle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control complementary feedingstuffs | Treated complementary feedingstuffs | |||
| Piglets | 10,000 | 3 | 60.5aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
48.8ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 6 | 63.8aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
56.2ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| 12 | 65.2aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
58.9ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Laying hens | 10,000 | 3 | 30.6aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
19.3ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 6 | 33.2aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
18.6ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| 12 | 34.7aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
16.0ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| Dairy cows | 10,000 | 3 | 64.9aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
58.5ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
| 6 | 65.3aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
59.6ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
| 12 | 65.4aa,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
58.6ba,b
Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
|
||
- a,b Values within one study and within one row with different superscripts are statistically different (p < 0.05).
The results showed that the inclusion of montmorillonite‐illite in all the complementary feeds tested at 10,000 mg/kg complementary improved the cohesive index and the dynamic angle at all the rotation speeds tested.
The applicant proposed different scenarios of inclusion levels of the complementary feeds in complete feedingstuffs for the respective species to support the request of reduction of the minimum content of montmorillonite‐illite in complete feed from 20,000 to 100 mg additive/kg (Table 6). Based on these calculations, the applicant states that the additive would be included at 50 mg/kg in complete feed for poultry and 100 mg/kg in complete feed for other animal species.
| Product | Montmorillonite‐illite concentration in complementary feedingstuffs (mg/kg) | CF inclusion level in complete feed (mg/kg) | Montmorillonite‐illite concentration in complete feed (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Piglets | 10,000 | 10,000 | 100 |
| Laying hens | 10,000 | 5,000 | 50 |
| Dairy cows | 10,000 | 10,000 | 100 |
- CF: complementary feedingstuffs.
3.2.2.1 Conclusions on efficacy
The results of the available studies showed that montmorillonite‐illite is efficacious as an anticaking agent in premixtures for all animal species at inclusions levels starting at 20,000 mg/kg premixture and at 10,000 mg/kg in complementary feed for all animal species. The applicant provided a calculation based on theoretical inclusion levels of premixtures tested in the efficacy trials that would result in an inclusion level in complete feedingstuffs of 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, the applicant provided a second calculation based on theoretical inclusion levels of complementary feeds tested in the efficacy trials that would result in an inclusion level in complete feedingstuffs of 50 mg/kg for poultry and 100 mg/kg for pigs, ruminants and all the other animal species. In the absence of specific data, the FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to comment on the efficacy of the additive at these concentrations when used in complete feed.
4 Conclusions
The FEEDAP Panel considers that the proposed modification in the conditions of use (use in premixture and subsequent reduction of the inclusion level in feed) would not affect the conclusions reached in the previous assessment as related to the safety for the target species, consumers, users and the environment.
Montmorillonite‐illite is efficacious as an anticaking agent in premixtures for all animal species at inclusions levels of 20,000 mg/kg premixture and in complementary feeds for all animal species at inclusions levels of 10,000 mg/kg complementary feed. When the premixtures or complementary feeds are incorporated into complete feed, the concentration of montmorillonite‐illite would range from 50 to 100 mg/kg complete feed for poultry and all other animal species, respectively. There is no evidence that the anticaking effect of the additive will persist at these concentrations in complete feed. In the absence of specific data, the FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to comment on the efficacy of the additive at these concentrations when used in complete feed.
5 Documentation as provided to EFSA/Chronology
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 04/04/2019 | Reception of the Evaluation report of the European Union Reference Laboratory for Feed Additives |
| 13/05/2019 | Dossier received by EFSA. Montmorillonite‐Illite (FIMIX 1g557) for all animal species. Submitted by FIM Biotech GmbH |
| 20/05/2019 | Reception mandate from the European Commission |
| 03/12/2019 | Application validated by EFSA – Start of the scientific assessment |
| 04/03/2020 | Comments received from Member States |
| 20/03/2020 | Opinion adopted by the FEEDAP Panel. End of the Scientific assessment |
| 2/04/2020 | Reception of spontaneous information |
| 22/04/2020 | Opinion withdrawn by the FEEDAP Panel |
| 07/05/2020 | Amended pinion adopted by the FEEDAP Panel. End of the Scientific assessment |
References
Abbreviations
-
- CF
-
- Complementary feedingstuffs
-
- EURL
-
- European Union Reference Laboratory
-
- FEEDAP
-
- EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed
-
- rpm
-
- Revolutions per minute
